Isopod crustaceans exhibit a wide variety of morphologies and lifestyles. For instance, the common pill bug or woodlouse, found under any log in North America, is an isopod. These isopods, of the suborder Oniscidea, are the most terrestrially adapted of the crustaceans (unless you count insects, which you probably should). However, it is in aquatic environments that you see the true breadth of isopod diversity. I talked about two good examples in a previous post: Serolid isopods have flattened, trilobite-like bodies and scavenge on marine sediment; and Antarcturid isopods are narrow, with long forelimbs for catching prey from the water column. Other isopod suborders have developed parasitic lifestyles.
Many aquatic isopods are parasites that live either on the surface or inside their hosts. Some, the Epicarids for example, display morphological modifications characteristic of parasites; including reduction of appendages and sensory organs as well as a loss of rigid segmentation. Also, the mouthparts are sometimes specialized into a suction apparatus, complete with piercing stylets, used for extracting fluid from their hosts. These isopods parasitize copepods as larvae and then decapods as adults; living inside the carapace or gill chambers of crabs and shrimp. Other isopods parasitize fish, attaching to the body or gill chamber and feeding on the scales, flesh, or blood of the animal. Some of these isopods attack and kill fish in large swarms.
Parasitic isopods do some some fairly gristly stuff that is typical of parasites…
…but then there’s this… Oh, god… the horror…
Meet Cymothoa exigua, a Cymothoid isopod. Most Cymothids are exoparasites that feed on the flesh of fish. However this lifestyle has the disadvantages of exposing the isopod to predation and requiring it to migrate from fish to fish. C. exigua solves these problems by doing something disturbing.
C. exigua parasitizes rose spotted snappers. It enters the fish through the gills and lodges itself in the buccal cavity at the back of the mouth. There it severs blood vessels leading to the fish’s tongue, causing the tongue to atrophy and degenerate. The isopod then uses its hook like pereopods to attach to the tongue nub, effectively and functionally replacing the snapper’s tongue. There it stays, feeding on blood, mucus, and stray pieces of whatever the fish is eating for the rest of its life.Imagine being a rose spotted snapper, cruising around the comfortable waters of the gulf of California. One day this hard, spikey creature enters your mouth through your breathing apparatus, violently removes your tongue, and takes up residence. You have no arms or hands to reach into your mouth and remove it: So there it stays, drinking your blood and stealing your food, unmolested, …for ever…
*shudder*
Previous posts about parasites: Flies, Wasps
Previous posts on arthropods that turn up in pop culture: Trashcan crab, Samurai Crabs
References:
- Brusca, R., & Gilligan, M. (1983). Tongue Replacement in a Marine Fish (Lutjanus guttatus) by a Parasitic Isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda) Copeia (3) DOI: 10.2307/1444352
That is like soooooh cool… I’m not gonna bother replacing my phone for this month – I’m getting one of these guys!!!
Disguisting! Now i know why i find some insects so terrifying to touch. must be some old genes giving proper warnings about these creatures.
while attending a gardening education for 1 year here in sweden, the teachers told us that for many years pesticides are being replaced with biological pest control.
most of the times it involves killing the pests with counter-“pests”. and fungus can also be avoided by applying other fungus to the soil.
i dont know the names in english of these micro insects that defends against pest, but i remember many of these helpful critters piercies the pests and put eggs inside them…
and, a few days later the pests have been eaten alive from inside out!
i applied these bags filled with helpful disguisting critters in the green houses… i wonder how many egg-infesting stings i got from these helpful critters during that procedure!
regards from sweden, and this blog is very interresting so ill keep reading it from time to time š
Simon, thank you for the kind words. The insects you may have used in the greenhouse may have been parasitic wasps. I have a post about them here:
http://arthropoda.southernfriedscience.com/?p=582
Parasitoids…
Wow, that is incredible. And very Squicky! I recently found a beautiful large “pillbug” and made a little terrarium habitat. Isopods are so interesting. I adore spiders and keep the big ones around here fed on captured pantry moths..
My brother recommended I might like this web site.
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Thanks!